2018 |
Morrison, William; Kotthaus, Simone; Grimmond, CSB; Inagaki, Atsushi; Yin, Tiangang; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Kanda, Manabu; Merchant, Christopher A novel method to obtain three-dimensional urban surface temperature from ground-based thermography (Journal Article) Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 215 , pp. 268-283, 2018. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: COSMO, DART, Ground-based thermography, Image classification, Sensor view modelling, Thermographic camera modelling, Upwelling longwave radiation, Urban meteorology) @article{Morrisona2018, title = {A novel method to obtain three-dimensional urban surface temperature from ground-based thermography}, author = {William Morrison and Simone Kotthaus and CSB Grimmond and Atsushi Inagaki and Tiangang Yin and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Manabu Kanda and Christopher J. Merchant}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018_Morrison_et_al.pdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.004}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-09-15}, journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment}, volume = {Volume 215}, pages = {268-283}, abstract = {Urban geometry and materials combine to create complex spatial, temporal and directional patterns of longwave infrared (LWIR) radiation. Effective anisotropy (or directional variability) of thermal radiance causes remote sensing (RS) derived urban surface temperatures to vary with RS view angles. Here a new and novel method to resolve effective thermal anisotropy processes from LWIR camera observations is demonstrated at the Comprehensive Outdoor Scale MOdel (COSMO) test site. Pixel-level differences of brightness temperatures reach 18.4 K within one hour of a 24-h study period. To understand this variability, the orientation and shadowing of surfaces is explored using the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model and Blender three-dimensional (3D) rendering software. Observed pixels and the entire canopy surface are classified in terms of surface orientation and illumination. To assess the variability of exitant longwave radiation (MLW) from the 3D COSMO surface (), the observations are prescribed based on class. The parameterisation is tested by simulating thermal images using a camera view model to determine camera perspectives of fluxes. The mean brightness temperature differences per image (simulated and observed) are within 0.65 K throughout a 24-h period. Pixel-level comparisons are possible with the high spatial resolution of and DART camera view simulations. At this spatial scale (<0.10 m), shadow hysteresis, surface sky view factor and building edge effects are not completely resolved by . By simulating apparent brightness temperatures from multiple view directions, effective thermal anisotropy of is shown to be up to 6.18 K. The developed methods can be extended to resolve some of the identified sources of sub-facet variability in realistic urban settings. The extension of DART to the interpretation of ground-based RS is shown to be promising.}, keywords = {COSMO, DART, Ground-based thermography, Image classification, Sensor view modelling, Thermographic camera modelling, Upwelling longwave radiation, Urban meteorology}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Urban geometry and materials combine to create complex spatial, temporal and directional patterns of longwave infrared (LWIR) radiation. Effective anisotropy (or directional variability) of thermal radiance causes remote sensing (RS) derived urban surface temperatures to vary with RS view angles. Here a new and novel method to resolve effective thermal anisotropy processes from LWIR camera observations is demonstrated at the Comprehensive Outdoor Scale MOdel (COSMO) test site. Pixel-level differences of brightness temperatures reach 18.4 K within one hour of a 24-h study period. To understand this variability, the orientation and shadowing of surfaces is explored using the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model and Blender three-dimensional (3D) rendering software. Observed pixels and the entire canopy surface are classified in terms of surface orientation and illumination. To assess the variability of exitant longwave radiation (MLW) from the 3D COSMO surface (), the observations are prescribed based on class. The parameterisation is tested by simulating thermal images using a camera view model to determine camera perspectives of fluxes. The mean brightness temperature differences per image (simulated and observed) are within 0.65 K throughout a 24-h period. Pixel-level comparisons are possible with the high spatial resolution of and DART camera view simulations. At this spatial scale (<0.10 m), shadow hysteresis, surface sky view factor and building edge effects are not completely resolved by . By simulating apparent brightness temperatures from multiple view directions, effective thermal anisotropy of is shown to be up to 6.18 K. The developed methods can be extended to resolve some of the identified sources of sub-facet variability in realistic urban settings. The extension of DART to the interpretation of ground-based RS is shown to be promising. |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Marconcini, Mattia; Mitraka, Zina; Stagakis, Stavros; Crawford, Ben; Olofson, Frans; Landier, Lucas; Morrison, William; Parlow, Eberhard Urban energy exchanges monitoring from space (Journal Article) nature.com , Scientific Reports volume (8), pp. 11498, 2018, ISSN: 2045-2322. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: anthropogenic heat emission, Anthropogenic Heat Flux, Concentration profiles, Copernicus Sentinels, Earth Observation, Eddy-covariance, Flux measurements, Ground-based thermography, Image classification, reducing, Sensor view modelling, Street canyon, Thermographic camera modelling, Understanding, Upwelling longwave radiation, urban, Urban Climate, Urban Energy Budget, urban heat fluxes, Urban meteorology) @article{Chrysoulakis2018, title = {Urban energy exchanges monitoring from space}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Mattia Marconcini and Zina Mitraka and Stavros Stagakis and Ben Crawford and Frans Olofson and Lucas Landier and William Morrison and Eberhard Parlow }, editor = {nature.com}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/UF_Overview_final.pdf}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-29873-x}, issn = {2045-2322}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-07-31}, journal = { nature.com }, volume = {Scientific Reports volume}, number = {8}, pages = {11498}, abstract = {One important challenge facing the urbanization and global environmental change community is to understand the relation between urban form, energy use and carbon emissions. Missing from the current literature are scientific assessments that evaluate the impacts of different urban spatial units on energy fluxes; yet, this type of analysis is needed by urban planners, who recognize that local scale zoning affects energy consumption and local climate. Satellite-based estimation of urban energy fluxes at neighbourhood scale is still a challenge. Here we show the potential of the current satellite missions to retrieve urban energy budget fluxes, supported by meteorological observations and evaluated by direct flux measurements. We found an agreement within 5% between satellite and in-situ derived net all-wave radiation; and identified that wall facet fraction and urban materials type are the most important parameters for estimating heat storage of the urban canopy. The satellite approaches were found to underestimate measured turbulent heat fluxes, with sensible heat flux being most sensitive to surface temperature variation (−64.1, +69.3 W m−2 for ±2 K perturbation). They also underestimate anthropogenic heat fluxes. However, reasonable spatial patterns are obtained for the latter allowing hot-spots to be identified, therefore supporting both urban planning and urban climate modelling.}, keywords = {anthropogenic heat emission, Anthropogenic Heat Flux, Concentration profiles, Copernicus Sentinels, Earth Observation, Eddy-covariance, Flux measurements, Ground-based thermography, Image classification, reducing, Sensor view modelling, Street canyon, Thermographic camera modelling, Understanding, Upwelling longwave radiation, urban, Urban Climate, Urban Energy Budget, urban heat fluxes, Urban meteorology}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } One important challenge facing the urbanization and global environmental change community is to understand the relation between urban form, energy use and carbon emissions. Missing from the current literature are scientific assessments that evaluate the impacts of different urban spatial units on energy fluxes; yet, this type of analysis is needed by urban planners, who recognize that local scale zoning affects energy consumption and local climate. Satellite-based estimation of urban energy fluxes at neighbourhood scale is still a challenge. Here we show the potential of the current satellite missions to retrieve urban energy budget fluxes, supported by meteorological observations and evaluated by direct flux measurements. We found an agreement within 5% between satellite and in-situ derived net all-wave radiation; and identified that wall facet fraction and urban materials type are the most important parameters for estimating heat storage of the urban canopy. The satellite approaches were found to underestimate measured turbulent heat fluxes, with sensible heat flux being most sensitive to surface temperature variation (−64.1, +69.3 W m−2 for ±2 K perturbation). They also underestimate anthropogenic heat fluxes. However, reasonable spatial patterns are obtained for the latter allowing hot-spots to be identified, therefore supporting both urban planning and urban climate modelling. |
Feigenwinter, Christian; Vogt, Roland; Parlow, Eberhard; Lindberg, Fredrik; Marconcini, Mattia; Frate, Fabio Del; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios Spatial Distribution of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux in the city of Basel (Switzerland) (Journal Article) IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2018, ISSN: 2151-1535. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Basel, Flux measurements, Urban Energy Budget) @article{Feigenwinter2018, title = {Spatial Distribution of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux in the city of Basel (Switzerland)}, author = {Christian Feigenwinter and Roland Vogt and Eberhard Parlow and Fredrik Lindberg and Mattia Marconcini and Fabio Del Frate and Nektarios Chrysoulakis}, doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2807815}, issn = {2151-1535}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-03-18}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing}, abstract = {Urban surfaces are a complex mixture of different land covers and surface materials; the relative magnitudes of the surface energy balance components therefore vary widely across a city. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide the best estimates of turbulent heat fluxes but are restricted to the source area. Land surface modeling with earth observation (EO) data is beneficial for extrapolation of a larger area since citywide information is possible. Turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated by a combination of micrometeorological approaches (the aerodynamic resistance method, ARM), EO data, and GIS techniques. Input data such as land cover fractions and surface temperatures are derived from Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS, urban morphology was calculated from high-resolution digital building models and GIS data layers, and meteorological data were provided by flux tower measurements. Twenty-two Landsat scenes covering all seasons and different meteorological conditions were analyzed. Sensible heat fluxes were highest for industrial areas, railway stations, and areas with high building density, mainly corresponding to the pixels with highest surface-to-air temperature differences. The spatial distribution of latent heat flux is strongly related to the saturation deficit of vapor and the (minimum) stomatal resistance of vegetation types. Seasonal variations are highly dependent on meteorological conditions, i.e., air temperature, water vapor saturation deficit, and wind speed. Comparison of measured fluxes with modeled fluxes in the weighted source area of the flux towers is moderately accurate due to known drawbacks in the modeling approach and uncertainties inherent to EC measurements, particularly in urban areas.}, keywords = {Basel, Flux measurements, Urban Energy Budget}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Urban surfaces are a complex mixture of different land covers and surface materials; the relative magnitudes of the surface energy balance components therefore vary widely across a city. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements provide the best estimates of turbulent heat fluxes but are restricted to the source area. Land surface modeling with earth observation (EO) data is beneficial for extrapolation of a larger area since citywide information is possible. Turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated by a combination of micrometeorological approaches (the aerodynamic resistance method, ARM), EO data, and GIS techniques. Input data such as land cover fractions and surface temperatures are derived from Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS, urban morphology was calculated from high-resolution digital building models and GIS data layers, and meteorological data were provided by flux tower measurements. Twenty-two Landsat scenes covering all seasons and different meteorological conditions were analyzed. Sensible heat fluxes were highest for industrial areas, railway stations, and areas with high building density, mainly corresponding to the pixels with highest surface-to-air temperature differences. The spatial distribution of latent heat flux is strongly related to the saturation deficit of vapor and the (minimum) stomatal resistance of vegetation types. Seasonal variations are highly dependent on meteorological conditions, i.e., air temperature, water vapor saturation deficit, and wind speed. Comparison of measured fluxes with modeled fluxes in the weighted source area of the flux towers is moderately accurate due to known drawbacks in the modeling approach and uncertainties inherent to EC measurements, particularly in urban areas. |
2017 |
Kent, Christoph; Grimmond, Sue; Gatey, David Aerodynamic roughness parameters in cities: Inclusion of vegetation (Journal Article) Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Volume 169 , pp. 168-176, 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aerodynamic roughness length, Drag coefficient for vegetation, Logarithmic wind profile, Morphometric method, urban, Zero-plane displacement) @article{Kent2017b, title = {Aerodynamic roughness parameters in cities: Inclusion of vegetation}, author = {Christoph Kent and Sue Grimmond and David Gatey}, editor = {Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Kent_et_al_JWEIA.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-10-01}, journal = {Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics}, volume = {Volume 169}, pages = {168-176}, abstract = {A widely used morphometric method (Macdonald et al. 1998) to calculate the zero-plane displacement (zd) and aerodynamic roughness length (z0) for momentum is further developed to include vegetation. The adaptation also applies to the Kanda et al. (2013) morphometric method which considers roughness-element height variability. Roughness-element heights (mean, maximum and standard deviation) of both buildings and vegetation are combined with a porosity corrected plan area and drag formulation. The method captures the influence of vegetation (in addition to buildings), with the magnitude of the effect depending upon whether buildings or vegetation are dominant and the porosity of vegetation (e.g. leaf-on or leaf-off state). Application to five urban areas demonstrates that where vegetation is taller and has larger surface cover, its inclusion in the morphometric methods can be more important than the morphometric method used. Implications for modelling the logarithmic wind profile (to 100 m) are demonstrated. Where vegetation is taller and occupies a greater amount of space, wind speeds may be slowed by up to a factor of three}, keywords = {Aerodynamic roughness length, Drag coefficient for vegetation, Logarithmic wind profile, Morphometric method, urban, Zero-plane displacement}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A widely used morphometric method (Macdonald et al. 1998) to calculate the zero-plane displacement (zd) and aerodynamic roughness length (z0) for momentum is further developed to include vegetation. The adaptation also applies to the Kanda et al. (2013) morphometric method which considers roughness-element height variability. Roughness-element heights (mean, maximum and standard deviation) of both buildings and vegetation are combined with a porosity corrected plan area and drag formulation. The method captures the influence of vegetation (in addition to buildings), with the magnitude of the effect depending upon whether buildings or vegetation are dominant and the porosity of vegetation (e.g. leaf-on or leaf-off state). Application to five urban areas demonstrates that where vegetation is taller and has larger surface cover, its inclusion in the morphometric methods can be more important than the morphometric method used. Implications for modelling the logarithmic wind profile (to 100 m) are demonstrated. Where vegetation is taller and occupies a greater amount of space, wind speeds may be slowed by up to a factor of three |
Feigenwinter, Christian; Schmutz, Michael; Vogt, Roland; Parlow, Eberhard (Ed.) Insights from more than ten years of CO2 flux measurements in the city of Basel, Switzerland (Periodical) International Association for Urban Climate, Issue NO. 65 September 2017 , 2017. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: Basel, Carbon-dioxide, Concentration profiles, Eddy-covariance, Flux measurements, Street canyon, urban) @periodical{Feigenwinter2017j, title = {Insights from more than ten years of CO2 flux measurements in the city of Basel, Switzerland}, author = {Christian Feigenwinter and Michael Schmutz and Roland Vogt and Eberhard Parlow }, editor = {Christian Feigenwinter and Michael Schmutz and Roland Vogt and Eberhard Parlow }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Feigenwinter_et_al_IntAssocUrbClim1.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-08-01}, issuetitle = {International Association for Urban Climate}, journal = {Urban Climate News, Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association for Urban Climate}, volume = {Issue NO. 65 September 2017}, pages = {24-32}, keywords = {Basel, Carbon-dioxide, Concentration profiles, Eddy-covariance, Flux measurements, Street canyon, urban}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {periodical} } |
Sun, Ting; Wang, Zhi-Hua; Oechel, Walter; Grimmond, Sue The Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model (AnOHM v1.0): methodology to determine bulk storage heat flux coefficients (Journal Article) Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 10, 2875-2890, 2017, 10 , pp. 2875–2890, 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: advection–diffusion equation, albedo, all-wave radiation, Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model, AnOHM, Bowen ratio, bulk transfer coefficient, net storage heat flux, Objective Hysteresis Model, SEB, solar radiation, surface energy balance, urban surface energy balance, wind speed, ΔQS) @article{Sun2017, title = {The Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model (AnOHM v1.0): methodology to determine bulk storage heat flux coefficients}, author = {Ting Sun and Zhi-Hua Wang and Walter Oechel and Sue Grimmond }, editor = {EGU}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Sun_et_al_Geosci.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-07-27}, journal = {Geoscientific Model Development Vol. 10, 2875-2890, 2017}, volume = {10}, pages = {2875–2890}, abstract = {The net storage heat flux (ΔQS) is important in the urban surface energy balance (SEB) but its determination remains a significant challenge. The hysteresis pattern of the diurnal relation between the ΔQS and net all-wave radiation (Q∗) has been captured in the Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) parameterization of ΔQS. Although successfully used in urban areas, the limited availability of coefficients for OHM hampers its application. To facilitate use, and enhance physical interpretations of the OHM coefficients, an analytical solution of the one-dimensional advection–diffusion equation of coupled heat and liquid water transport in conjunction with the SEB is conducted, allowing development of AnOHM (Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model). A sensitivity test of AnOHM to surface properties and hydrometeorological forcing is presented using a stochastic approach (subset simulation). The sensitivity test suggests that the albedo, Bowen ratio and bulk transfer coefficient, solar radiation and wind speed are most critical. AnOHM, driven by local meteorological conditions at five sites with different land use, is shown to simulate the ΔQS flux well (RMSE values of ∼ 30 W m−2). The intra-annual dynamics of OHM coefficients are explored. AnOHM offers significant potential to enhance modelling of the surface energy balance over a wider range of conditions and land covers.}, keywords = {advection–diffusion equation, albedo, all-wave radiation, Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model, AnOHM, Bowen ratio, bulk transfer coefficient, net storage heat flux, Objective Hysteresis Model, SEB, solar radiation, surface energy balance, urban surface energy balance, wind speed, ΔQS}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The net storage heat flux (ΔQS) is important in the urban surface energy balance (SEB) but its determination remains a significant challenge. The hysteresis pattern of the diurnal relation between the ΔQS and net all-wave radiation (Q∗) has been captured in the Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) parameterization of ΔQS. Although successfully used in urban areas, the limited availability of coefficients for OHM hampers its application. To facilitate use, and enhance physical interpretations of the OHM coefficients, an analytical solution of the one-dimensional advection–diffusion equation of coupled heat and liquid water transport in conjunction with the SEB is conducted, allowing development of AnOHM (Analytical Objective Hysteresis Model). A sensitivity test of AnOHM to surface properties and hydrometeorological forcing is presented using a stochastic approach (subset simulation). The sensitivity test suggests that the albedo, Bowen ratio and bulk transfer coefficient, solar radiation and wind speed are most critical. AnOHM, driven by local meteorological conditions at five sites with different land use, is shown to simulate the ΔQS flux well (RMSE values of ∼ 30 W m−2). The intra-annual dynamics of OHM coefficients are explored. AnOHM offers significant potential to enhance modelling of the surface energy balance over a wider range of conditions and land covers. |
Wicki, Andreas; Parlow, Eberhard Multiple Regression Analysis for Unmixing of Surface Temperature Data in an Urban Environment (Journal Article) Remote Sensing, Vol 9 , pp. 684, 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: atmospheric corrections, land surface temperature, land use/land cover, Landsat 8, LST analysis, multiple linear regression, thermal infrared data, urban) @article{Wicki2017bc, title = {Multiple Regression Analysis for Unmixing of Surface Temperature Data in an Urban Environment}, author = {Andreas Wicki and Eberhard Parlow }, editor = {MDPI}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Wicki_Parlow_RemSens.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-07-04}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {Vol 9}, pages = {684}, abstract = {Global climate change and increasing urbanization worldwide intensify the need for a better understanding of human heat stress dynamics in urban systems. During heat waves, which are expected to increase in number and intensity, the development of urban cool islands could be a lifesaver for many elderly and vulnerable people. The use of remote sensing data offers the unique possibility to study these dynamics with spatially distributed large datasets during all seasons of the year and including day and night-time analysis. For the city of Basel 32 high-quality Landsat 8 (L8) scenes are available since 2013, enabling comprehensive statistical analysis. Therefore, land surface temperature (LST) is calculated using L8 thermal infrared (TIR) imagery (stray light corrected) applying improved emissivity and atmospheric corrections. The data are combined with a land use/land cover (LULC) map and evaluated using administrative residential units. The observed dependence of LST on LULC is analyzed using a thermal unmixing approach based on a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, which allows for quantifying the gradual influence of different LULC types on the LST precisely. Seasonal variations due to different solar irradiance and vegetation cover indicate a higher dependence of LST on the LULC during the warmer summer months and an increasing influence of the topography and albedo during the colder seasons. Furthermore, the MLR analysis allows creating predicted LST images, which can be used to fill data gaps like in SLC-off Landsat 7 ETM+ data. Multiple Regression Analysis for Unmixing of Surface Temperature Data in an Urban Environment (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318206742_Multiple_Regression_Analysis_for_Unmixing_of_Surface_Temperature_Data_in_an_Urban_Environment [accessed Jan 18 2018].}, keywords = {atmospheric corrections, land surface temperature, land use/land cover, Landsat 8, LST analysis, multiple linear regression, thermal infrared data, urban}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Global climate change and increasing urbanization worldwide intensify the need for a better understanding of human heat stress dynamics in urban systems. During heat waves, which are expected to increase in number and intensity, the development of urban cool islands could be a lifesaver for many elderly and vulnerable people. The use of remote sensing data offers the unique possibility to study these dynamics with spatially distributed large datasets during all seasons of the year and including day and night-time analysis. For the city of Basel 32 high-quality Landsat 8 (L8) scenes are available since 2013, enabling comprehensive statistical analysis. Therefore, land surface temperature (LST) is calculated using L8 thermal infrared (TIR) imagery (stray light corrected) applying improved emissivity and atmospheric corrections. The data are combined with a land use/land cover (LULC) map and evaluated using administrative residential units. The observed dependence of LST on LULC is analyzed using a thermal unmixing approach based on a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, which allows for quantifying the gradual influence of different LULC types on the LST precisely. Seasonal variations due to different solar irradiance and vegetation cover indicate a higher dependence of LST on the LULC during the warmer summer months and an increasing influence of the topography and albedo during the colder seasons. Furthermore, the MLR analysis allows creating predicted LST images, which can be used to fill data gaps like in SLC-off Landsat 7 ETM+ data. Multiple Regression Analysis for Unmixing of Surface Temperature Data in an Urban Environment (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318206742_Multiple_Regression_Analysis_for_Unmixing_of_Surface_Temperature_Data_in_an_Urban_Environment [accessed Jan 18 2018]. |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Marconcini, Mattia; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Del-Frate, Fabio; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Landier, Lucas; Gabey, Andy; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans Anthropogenic Heat Flux Estimation from Space: Results of the second phase of the URBANFLUXES Project (Conference) 2017, ISSN: 978-1-5090-5808-2. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Copernicus Sentinels, Earth Observation, Urban Climate, Urban Energy Budget) @conference{Chrysoulakisj2017, title = {Anthropogenic Heat Flux Estimation from Space: Results of the second phase of the URBANFLUXES Project}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Mattia Marconcini and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del-Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Lucas Landier and Andy Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson}, editor = {Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Chrysoulakis_et_al_JURSE.pdf}, doi = {10.1109/JURSE.2017.7924591}, issn = {978-1-5090-5808-2}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-05-11}, abstract = {The H2020-Space project URBANFLUXES (URBan ANthrpogenic heat FLUX from Earth observation Satellites) investigates the potential of Copernicus Sentinels to retrieve anthropogenic heat flux, as a key component of the Urban Energy Budget (UEB). URBANFLUXES advances the current knowledge of the impacts of UEB fluxes on urban heat island and consequently on energy consumption in cities. This will lead to the development of tools and strategies to mitigate these effects, improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency. In URBANFLUXES, the anthropogenic heat flux is estimated as a residual of UEB. Therefore, the rest UEB components, namely, the net all-wave radiation (Q*), the net change in heat storage (ΔQs) and the turbulent sensible (QH) and latent (QE) heat fluxes are independently estimated from Earth Observation (EO), whereas the advection term is included in the error of the anthropogenic heat flux estimation from the UEB closure. The project exploits Sentinels observations, which provide improved data quality, coverage and revisit times and increase the value of EO data for scientific work and future emerging applications. These observations can reveal novel scientific insights for the detection and monitoring of the spatial distribution of the urban energy budget fluxes in cities, thereby generating new EO opportunities. URBANFLUXES thus exploits the European capacity for spaceborne observations to enable the development of operational services in the field of urban environmental monitoring and energy efficiency in cities. }, keywords = {Copernicus Sentinels, Earth Observation, Urban Climate, Urban Energy Budget}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } The H2020-Space project URBANFLUXES (URBan ANthrpogenic heat FLUX from Earth observation Satellites) investigates the potential of Copernicus Sentinels to retrieve anthropogenic heat flux, as a key component of the Urban Energy Budget (UEB). URBANFLUXES advances the current knowledge of the impacts of UEB fluxes on urban heat island and consequently on energy consumption in cities. This will lead to the development of tools and strategies to mitigate these effects, improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency. In URBANFLUXES, the anthropogenic heat flux is estimated as a residual of UEB. Therefore, the rest UEB components, namely, the net all-wave radiation (Q*), the net change in heat storage (ΔQs) and the turbulent sensible (QH) and latent (QE) heat fluxes are independently estimated from Earth Observation (EO), whereas the advection term is included in the error of the anthropogenic heat flux estimation from the UEB closure. The project exploits Sentinels observations, which provide improved data quality, coverage and revisit times and increase the value of EO data for scientific work and future emerging applications. These observations can reveal novel scientific insights for the detection and monitoring of the spatial distribution of the urban energy budget fluxes in cities, thereby generating new EO opportunities. URBANFLUXES thus exploits the European capacity for spaceborne observations to enable the development of operational services in the field of urban environmental monitoring and energy efficiency in cities. |
Feigenwinter, Christian; Parlow, Eberhard; Vogt, Roland; Schmutz, Michael; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Lindberg, Fredrik; Marconcini, Mattia; del-Frate, Fabio Spatial Distribution of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux in the URBANFLUXES case study city Basel (Switzerland) (Conference) 2017, ISSN: 978-1-5090-5808-2. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Basel, Carbon-dioxide, Concentration profiles, Eddy-covariance, Flux measurements, Street canyon, urban) @conference{Feigenwinter2017, title = {Spatial Distribution of Sensible and Latent Heat Flux in the URBANFLUXES case study city Basel (Switzerland)}, author = {Christian Feigenwinter and Eberhard Parlow and Roland Vogt and Michael Schmutz and Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Fredrik Lindberg and Mattia Marconcini and Fabio del-Frate }, editor = {Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Feigenwinter_et_al_JURSE.pdf}, doi = {10.1109/JURSE.2017.7924594}, issn = {978-1-5090-5808-2}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-05-11}, abstract = {Turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated by a combined method using micrometeorological approaches (the Aerodynamic Resistance Method ARM), Earth Observation (EO) data and GISTechniques. The spatial distributions of turbulent heat fluxes were analyzed for 22 for the city of Basel (Switzerland), covering all seasons and different meteorological conditions. Seasonal variations in heat fluxes are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions, i.e. air temperature, water vapor saturation deficit and wind speed. The agreement of measured fluxes (by the Eddy Covariance method) with modeled fluxes in the weighted source area of the flux towers is moderate due to known drawbacks in the modelling approach and uncertainties inherent to EC measurements, particularly also in urban areas}, keywords = {Basel, Carbon-dioxide, Concentration profiles, Eddy-covariance, Flux measurements, Street canyon, urban}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } Turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated by a combined method using micrometeorological approaches (the Aerodynamic Resistance Method ARM), Earth Observation (EO) data and GISTechniques. The spatial distributions of turbulent heat fluxes were analyzed for 22 for the city of Basel (Switzerland), covering all seasons and different meteorological conditions. Seasonal variations in heat fluxes are strongly dependent on meteorological conditions, i.e. air temperature, water vapor saturation deficit and wind speed. The agreement of measured fluxes (by the Eddy Covariance method) with modeled fluxes in the weighted source area of the flux towers is moderate due to known drawbacks in the modelling approach and uncertainties inherent to EC measurements, particularly also in urban areas |
Kent, Christoph; Grimmond, Sue; Barlow, Janet; Gatey, David; Kotthaus, Simone; Lindberg, Fredrik; Halios, Christos Evaluation of Urban Local-Scale Aerodynamic Parameters: Implications for the Vertical Profile of Wind Speed and for Source Areas (Journal Article) Boundary-Layer Meteorol (2017) 164:183–213, Vol: 164(2) , pp. 183-213, 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Aerodynamic roughness length, Anemometric methods, Logarithmic wind-speed profile, Morphometric methods, Source area, Zero-plane displacement) @article{Kent2017, title = {Evaluation of Urban Local-Scale Aerodynamic Parameters: Implications for the Vertical Profile of Wind Speed and for Source Areas}, author = {Christoph Kent and Sue Grimmond and Janet Barlow and David Gatey and Simone Kotthaus and Fredrik Lindberg and Christos Halios}, editor = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Kent_et_al_BLM.pdf}, doi = {10.1007/s10546-017-0248-z}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-04-28}, journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorol (2017) 164:183–213}, volume = {Vol: 164(2)}, pages = {183-213}, abstract = {Nine methods to determine local-scale aerodynamic roughness length (z0) and zero-plane displacement (zd ) are compared at three sites (within 60 m of each other) in London, UK. Methods include three anemometric (single-level high frequency observations), six morphometric (surface geometry) and one reference-based approach (look-up tables). A footprint model is used with the morphometric methods in an iterative procedure. The results are insensitive to the initial zd and z0 estimates. Across the three sites, zd varies between 5 and 45 m depending upon the method used. Morphometric methods that incorporate roughness-element height variability agree better with anemometric methods, indicating zd is consistently greater than the local mean building height. Depending upon method and wind direction, z0 varies between 0.1 and 5 m with morphometric z0 consistently being 2–3 m larger than the anemometric z0. No morphometric method consistently resembles the anemometric methods. Wind-speed profiles observed with Doppler lidar provide additional data with which to assess the methods. Locally determined roughness parameters are used to extrapolate wind-speed profiles to a height roughly 200 m above the canopy. Wind-speed profiles extrapolated based on morphometric methods that account for roughness-element height variability are most similar to observations. The extent of the modelled source area for measurements varies by up to a factor of three, depending upon the morphometric method used to determine zd and z0}, keywords = {Aerodynamic roughness length, Anemometric methods, Logarithmic wind-speed profile, Morphometric methods, Source area, Zero-plane displacement}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Nine methods to determine local-scale aerodynamic roughness length (z0) and zero-plane displacement (zd ) are compared at three sites (within 60 m of each other) in London, UK. Methods include three anemometric (single-level high frequency observations), six morphometric (surface geometry) and one reference-based approach (look-up tables). A footprint model is used with the morphometric methods in an iterative procedure. The results are insensitive to the initial zd and z0 estimates. Across the three sites, zd varies between 5 and 45 m depending upon the method used. Morphometric methods that incorporate roughness-element height variability agree better with anemometric methods, indicating zd is consistently greater than the local mean building height. Depending upon method and wind direction, z0 varies between 0.1 and 5 m with morphometric z0 consistently being 2–3 m larger than the anemometric z0. No morphometric method consistently resembles the anemometric methods. Wind-speed profiles observed with Doppler lidar provide additional data with which to assess the methods. Locally determined roughness parameters are used to extrapolate wind-speed profiles to a height roughly 200 m above the canopy. Wind-speed profiles extrapolated based on morphometric methods that account for roughness-element height variability are most similar to observations. The extent of the modelled source area for measurements varies by up to a factor of three, depending upon the morphometric method used to determine zd and z0 |
Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Lauret, Nicolas; Yin, Tiangang; Landier, Lucas; Kallel, Abdelazis; Malenovský, Zbynek; Al-Bitar, Ahmad; Aval, Josselin; Benhmida, Sahar; Qi, Jianbo; Medjdoub, Ghania; Guilleux, Jordan; Chavanon, Eric; Cook, Bruce; Morton, Douglas; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Mitraka, Zina DART: Recent Advances in Remote Sensing Data Modeling With Atmosphere, Polarization, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence (Journal Article) IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (Volume: 10, Issue: 6, June 2017), Vol: 10(6) , pp. 2640–2649, 2017, ISSN: 2151-1535. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART), model, radiative transfer (RT), remote sensing) @article{Gastellu-Etchegorry2017, title = {DART: Recent Advances in Remote Sensing Data Modeling With Atmosphere, Polarization, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence}, author = {Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Nicolas Lauret and Tiangang Yin and Lucas Landier and Abdelazis Kallel and Zbynek Malenovský and Ahmad Al-Bitar and Josselin Aval and Sahar Benhmida and Jianbo Qi and Ghania Medjdoub and Jordan Guilleux and Eric Chavanon and Bruce Cook and Douglas Morton and Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Zina Mitraka }, editor = {Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Gastellu-Etchegorry_et_al_IEEE.pdf}, doi = {10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2685528}, issn = {2151-1535}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-04-14}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing (Volume: 10, Issue: 6, June 2017)}, volume = {Vol: 10(6)}, pages = {2640–2649}, abstract = {To better understand the life-essential cycles and processes of our planet and to further develop remote sensing (RS) technology, there is an increasing need for models that simulate the radiative budget (RB) and RS acquisitions of urban and natural landscapes using physical approaches and considering the three dimensional (3-D) architecture of Earth surfaces. Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) is one of the most comprehensive physically based 3-D models of Earth-atmosphere radiative transfer, covering the spectral domain from ultraviolet to thermal infrared wavelengths. It simulates the optical 3-D RB and optical signals of proximal, aerial, and satellite imaging spectrometers and laser scanners, for any urban and/or natural landscapes and for any experimental and instrumental configurations. It is freely available for research and teaching activities. In this paper, we briefly introduce DART theory and present recent advances in simulated sensors (LiDAR and cameras with finite field of view) and modeling mechanisms (atmosphere, specular reflectance with polarization and chlorophyll fluorescence). A case study demonstrating a novel application of DART to investigate urban landscapes is also presented.}, keywords = {Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART), model, radiative transfer (RT), remote sensing}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } To better understand the life-essential cycles and processes of our planet and to further develop remote sensing (RS) technology, there is an increasing need for models that simulate the radiative budget (RB) and RS acquisitions of urban and natural landscapes using physical approaches and considering the three dimensional (3-D) architecture of Earth surfaces. Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) is one of the most comprehensive physically based 3-D models of Earth-atmosphere radiative transfer, covering the spectral domain from ultraviolet to thermal infrared wavelengths. It simulates the optical 3-D RB and optical signals of proximal, aerial, and satellite imaging spectrometers and laser scanners, for any urban and/or natural landscapes and for any experimental and instrumental configurations. It is freely available for research and teaching activities. In this paper, we briefly introduce DART theory and present recent advances in simulated sensors (LiDAR and cameras with finite field of view) and modeling mechanisms (atmosphere, specular reflectance with polarization and chlorophyll fluorescence). A case study demonstrating a novel application of DART to investigate urban landscapes is also presented. |
Marconcini, Mattia; Heldens, Wieke; Del-Frate, Fabio; Latini, Daniele; Mitraka, Zina; Lindberg, Fredrik EO-based Products in Support of Urban Heat Fluxes Estimation (Conference) 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropogenic Heat Flux, Earth Observation, urban heat fluxes) @conference{Marconcini2017, title = {EO-based Products in Support of Urban Heat Fluxes Estimation}, author = {Mattia Marconcini and Wieke Heldens and Fabio Del-Frate and Daniele Latini and Zina Mitraka and Fredrik Lindberg}, editor = {IEEE}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Marconcini_et_al_JURSE.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-04-11}, journal = {Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE), 2017 Joint 11 May 2017}, abstract = {Presently, there is a growing need for information suitable to effectively characterize the Urban Energy Budget (UEB) and, hence, to properly estimate the magnitude of the anthropogenic heat flux QF. Indeed, a precise knowledge of QF - whose implications for urban planners are still prone to large uncertainties - is fundamental for implementing effective strategies to improve thermal comfort and energy efficiency. To address this challenging issue, the Horizon 2020 URBANFLUXES project aims at developing a novel methodology for accurately estimating the different terms of the UEB based on the use of Earth Observation (EO) data and, hence, at reliably characterizing the QF spatiotemporal patterns and its implications on urban climate. In this paper, we aim at giving an overview of the EO-based products which have been identified as the most useful in the framework of the considered study. In particular, the suite which has been implemented so far in the first phase of the project includes biophysical parameters, morphology parameters as well as land-cover maps.}, keywords = {Anthropogenic Heat Flux, Earth Observation, urban heat fluxes}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } Presently, there is a growing need for information suitable to effectively characterize the Urban Energy Budget (UEB) and, hence, to properly estimate the magnitude of the anthropogenic heat flux QF. Indeed, a precise knowledge of QF - whose implications for urban planners are still prone to large uncertainties - is fundamental for implementing effective strategies to improve thermal comfort and energy efficiency. To address this challenging issue, the Horizon 2020 URBANFLUXES project aims at developing a novel methodology for accurately estimating the different terms of the UEB based on the use of Earth Observation (EO) data and, hence, at reliably characterizing the QF spatiotemporal patterns and its implications on urban climate. In this paper, we aim at giving an overview of the EO-based products which have been identified as the most useful in the framework of the considered study. In particular, the suite which has been implemented so far in the first phase of the project includes biophysical parameters, morphology parameters as well as land-cover maps. |
Wicki, Andreas; Parlow, Eberhard Attribution of local climate zones using a multitemporal land use/land cover classification scheme (Journal Article) J. Appl. Remote Sens. 11(2), 026001 (2017), Vol. 11 , pp. 026001-1 – 026001-16, 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: land use/land cover, Landsat 8, local climate zones, morphology, urban) @article{Wicki2017b, title = {Attribution of local climate zones using a multitemporal land use/land cover classification scheme}, author = {Andreas Wicki and Eberhard Parlow}, editor = {SPIE }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Wicki_Parlow_JARS.pdf}, doi = {DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.11.026001}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-04-03}, journal = {J. Appl. Remote Sens. 11(2), 026001 (2017)}, volume = {Vol. 11}, pages = {026001-1 – 026001-16}, abstract = {Worldwide, the number of people living in an urban environment exceeds the rural population with increasing tendency. Especially in relation to global climate change, cities play a major role considering the impacts of extreme heat waves on the population. For urban planners, it is important to know which types of urban structures are beneficial for a comfortable urban climate and which actions can be taken to improve urban climate conditions. Therefore, it is essential to differ between not only urban and rural environments, but also between different levels of urban densification. To compare these built-up types within different cities worldwide, Stewart and Oke developed the concept of local climate zones (LCZ) defined by morphological characteristics. The original LCZ scheme often has considerable problems when adapted to European cities with historical city centers, including narrow streets and irregular patterns. In this study, a method to bridge the gap between a classical land use/land cover (LULC) classification and the LCZ scheme is presented. Multitemporal Landsat 8 data are used to create a high accuracy LULC map, which is linked to the LCZ by morphological parameters derived from a high-resolution digital surface model and cadastral data. A bijective combination of the different classification schemes could not be achieved completely due to overlapping threshold values and the spatially homogeneous distribution of morphological parameters, but the attribution of LCZ to the LULC classification was successful. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.}, keywords = {land use/land cover, Landsat 8, local climate zones, morphology, urban}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Worldwide, the number of people living in an urban environment exceeds the rural population with increasing tendency. Especially in relation to global climate change, cities play a major role considering the impacts of extreme heat waves on the population. For urban planners, it is important to know which types of urban structures are beneficial for a comfortable urban climate and which actions can be taken to improve urban climate conditions. Therefore, it is essential to differ between not only urban and rural environments, but also between different levels of urban densification. To compare these built-up types within different cities worldwide, Stewart and Oke developed the concept of local climate zones (LCZ) defined by morphological characteristics. The original LCZ scheme often has considerable problems when adapted to European cities with historical city centers, including narrow streets and irregular patterns. In this study, a method to bridge the gap between a classical land use/land cover (LULC) classification and the LCZ scheme is presented. Multitemporal Landsat 8 data are used to create a high accuracy LULC map, which is linked to the LCZ by morphological parameters derived from a high-resolution digital surface model and cadastral data. A bijective combination of the different classification schemes could not be achieved completely due to overlapping threshold values and the spatially homogeneous distribution of morphological parameters, but the attribution of LCZ to the LULC classification was successful. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Marconcini, Mattia; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Landier, Lucas; Gabey, Andy; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans Anthropogenic Heat Flux Estimation from Space: Results of the second phase of the URBANFLUXES Project (Conference) Vol. 19, EGU2017-2819 (19), 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Copernicus Sentinels, Earth Observation, mitigation technologies, sustainable urban planning, Urban Climate, Urban Energy Budget) @conference{Chrysoulakis2017, title = {Anthropogenic Heat Flux Estimation from Space: Results of the second phase of the URBANFLUXES Project}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Mattia Marconcini and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Lucas Landier and Andy Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson }, editor = {EGU General Assembly 2017 }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Chrysoulakis_et_al_EGU.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 19, EGU2017-2819, 2017 EGU General Assembly 2017}, volume = {Vol. 19, EGU2017-2819}, number = {19}, abstract = {The H2020-Space project URBANFLUXES (URBan ANthrpogenic heat FLUX from Earth observation Satellites) investigates the potential of Copernicus Sentinels to retrieve anthropogenic heat flux, as a key component of the Urban Energy Budget (UEB). URBANFLUXES advances the current knowledge of the impacts of UEB fluxes on urban heat island and consequently on energy consumption in cities. In URBANFLUXES, the anthropogenic heat flux is estimated as a residual of UEB. Therefore, the rest UEB components, namely, the net all-wave radiation, the net change in heat storage and the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are independently estimated from Earth Observation (EO), whereas the advection term is included in the error of the anthropogenic heat flux estimation from the UEB closure. The Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is employed to improve the estimation of the net all-wave radiation balance, whereas the Element Surface Temperature Method (ESTM), adjusted to satellite observations is used to improve the estimation the estimation of the net change in heat storage. Furthermore the estimation of the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes is based on the Aerodynamic Resistance Method (ARM). Based on these outcomes, QF is estimated by regressing the sum of the turbulent heat fluxes versus the available energy. In-situ flux measurements are used to evaluate URBANFLUXES outcomes, whereas uncertainties are specified and analyzed. URBANFLUXES is expected to prepare the ground for further innovative exploitation of EO in scientific activities (climate variability studies at local and regional scales) and future and emerging applications (sustainable urban planning, mitigation technologies) to benefit climate change mitigation/adaptation. This study presents the results of the second phase of the project and detailed information on URBANFLUXES is available at: http://urbanfluxes.eu}, keywords = {Copernicus Sentinels, Earth Observation, mitigation technologies, sustainable urban planning, Urban Climate, Urban Energy Budget}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } The H2020-Space project URBANFLUXES (URBan ANthrpogenic heat FLUX from Earth observation Satellites) investigates the potential of Copernicus Sentinels to retrieve anthropogenic heat flux, as a key component of the Urban Energy Budget (UEB). URBANFLUXES advances the current knowledge of the impacts of UEB fluxes on urban heat island and consequently on energy consumption in cities. In URBANFLUXES, the anthropogenic heat flux is estimated as a residual of UEB. Therefore, the rest UEB components, namely, the net all-wave radiation, the net change in heat storage and the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes are independently estimated from Earth Observation (EO), whereas the advection term is included in the error of the anthropogenic heat flux estimation from the UEB closure. The Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is employed to improve the estimation of the net all-wave radiation balance, whereas the Element Surface Temperature Method (ESTM), adjusted to satellite observations is used to improve the estimation the estimation of the net change in heat storage. Furthermore the estimation of the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes is based on the Aerodynamic Resistance Method (ARM). Based on these outcomes, QF is estimated by regressing the sum of the turbulent heat fluxes versus the available energy. In-situ flux measurements are used to evaluate URBANFLUXES outcomes, whereas uncertainties are specified and analyzed. URBANFLUXES is expected to prepare the ground for further innovative exploitation of EO in scientific activities (climate variability studies at local and regional scales) and future and emerging applications (sustainable urban planning, mitigation technologies) to benefit climate change mitigation/adaptation. This study presents the results of the second phase of the project and detailed information on URBANFLUXES is available at: http://urbanfluxes.eu |
Lindberg, Fredrik; Grimmond, Sue; Gabey, Andrew; Huang, Bei; Kent, Christoph; Sun, Ting; Theeuwes, Natalie; Jarvi, Leena; Ward, Helen; Capel-Timms, Isabella; Chang, Yuanyong; Jonsson, Per; Krave, Niklas; Liu, Dongwei; Meyer,; Olofson, Frans; Tan, Jianguo; Wastberg, Dag; Xue, Lingbo; Zhang, Zhe Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor (UMEP): An integrated tool for city-based climate services (Journal Article) Environmental Modelling & Software Vol. 99, 70-87, (2018), Vol. 99 , pp. 70-87, 2017. (Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Green infrastructure, Heat risk, QGIS, Solar energy, Urban climate services) @article{Lindberg2017, title = {Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor (UMEP): An integrated tool for city-based climate services}, author = {Fredrik Lindberg and Sue Grimmond and Andrew Gabey and Bei Huang and Christoph Kent and Ting Sun and Natalie Theeuwes and Leena Jarvi and Helen Ward and Isabella Capel-Timms and Yuanyong Chang and Per Jonsson and Niklas Krave and Dongwei Liu and D Meyer and Frans Olofson and Jianguo Tan and Dag Wastberg and Lingbo Xue and Zhe Zhang}, editor = {EGU}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2018_Lindberg_et_al_-EnvMod.pdf}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Environmental Modelling & Software Vol. 99, 70-87, (2018)}, volume = {Vol. 99}, pages = {70-87}, abstract = {UMEP (Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor), a city-based climate service tool, combines models and tools essential for climate simulations. Applications are presented to illustrate UMEP's potential in the identification of heat waves and cold waves; the impact of green infrastructure on runoff; the effects of buildings on human thermal stress; solar energy production; and the impact of human activities on heat emissions. UMEP has broad utility for applications related to outdoor thermal comfort, wind, urban energy consumption and climate change mitigation. It includes tools to enable users to input atmospheric and surface data from multiple sources, to characterise the urban environment, to prepare meteorological data for use in cities, to undertake simulations and consider scenarios, and to compare and visualise different combinations of climate indicators. An open-source tool, UMEP is designed to be easily updated as new data and tools are developed, and to be accessible to researchers, decision-makers and practitioners.}, keywords = {Green infrastructure, Heat risk, QGIS, Solar energy, Urban climate services}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } UMEP (Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor), a city-based climate service tool, combines models and tools essential for climate simulations. Applications are presented to illustrate UMEP's potential in the identification of heat waves and cold waves; the impact of green infrastructure on runoff; the effects of buildings on human thermal stress; solar energy production; and the impact of human activities on heat emissions. UMEP has broad utility for applications related to outdoor thermal comfort, wind, urban energy consumption and climate change mitigation. It includes tools to enable users to input atmospheric and surface data from multiple sources, to characterise the urban environment, to prepare meteorological data for use in cities, to undertake simulations and consider scenarios, and to compare and visualise different combinations of climate indicators. An open-source tool, UMEP is designed to be easily updated as new data and tools are developed, and to be accessible to researchers, decision-makers and practitioners. |
2016 |
Landier, Lucas; Lauret, Nicolas; Yin, Tiangang; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Feigenwinter, Christian; Parlow, Eberhard; Mitraka, Zina; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios Remote Sensing Studies of Urban Canopies: 3D Radiative Transfer Modeling (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D Radiative Transfer Modeling, Remote Sensing Studies, Urban Canopies) @conference{Landier2016, title = {Remote Sensing Studies of Urban Canopies: 3D Radiative Transfer Modeling}, author = {Lucas Landier and Nicolas Lauret and Tiangang Yin and Ahmad Al Bitar and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Christian Feigenwinter and Eberhard Parlow and Zina Mitraka and Nektarios Chrysoulakis }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09_2016_Landier_et_al_InTech.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {3D Radiative Transfer Modeling, Remote Sensing Studies, Urban Canopies}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Marconcini, Mattia; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Landier, Lucas; Gabey, Andrew; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans Anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space: results of the first phase of the URBANFLUXES project. (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropogenic, estimation, heat flux, results, space, URBANFLUXES project) @conference{Chrysoulakis2016, title = {Anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space: results of the first phase of the URBANFLUXES project.}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Mattia Marconcini and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Lucas Landier and Andrew Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/09_2016_Chrysoulakis_et_al_SPIE.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {Anthropogenic, estimation, heat flux, results, space, URBANFLUXES project}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Kotthaus, Simone; O’Connor, Ewan; Münkel, Christoph; Charlton-Perez, Cristina; Haeffelin, Martial; Gabey, Andrew; Grimmond, Sue Recommendations for processing atmospheric attenuated backscatter profiles from Vaisala CL31 ceilometers (Journal Article) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: atmospheric attenuated backscatter profiles, Recommendations, Vaisala CL31 ceilometers) @article{Kotthaus2016, title = {Recommendations for processing atmospheric attenuated backscatter profiles from Vaisala CL31 ceilometers}, author = {Simone Kotthaus and Ewan O’Connor and Christoph Münkel and Cristina Charlton-Perez and Martial Haeffelin and Andrew Gabey and Sue Grimmond }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/07_2016_Kotthaus_et_al_AtmosMeas.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {atmospheric attenuated backscatter profiles, Recommendations, Vaisala CL31 ceilometers}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Heldens, Wieke; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Gabey, Andrew; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans Urban Anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space: first results (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: space, Urban Anthropogenic heat flux estimation) @conference{Chrysoulakis2016b, title = {Urban Anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space: first results}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Wieke Heldens and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Ahmad Al Bitar and Andrew Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/06_2016_Landier_et_al_EARSEL.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {space, Urban Anthropogenic heat flux estimation}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Feigenwinter, Christian; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Esch, Thomas; Frate, Fabio Del; Gabey, Andrew; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Heldens, Wieke; Klostermann, Judith; Lindberg, Fredrik; Mitraka, Zina; Olofson, Frans; Parlow, Eberhard Anthropogenic Heat Flux Estimation from Space: The URBANFLUXES Project (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropogenic Heat Flux, estimation, space, URBANFLUXES project) @conference{Chrysoulakis2016b, title = {Anthropogenic Heat Flux Estimation from Space: The URBANFLUXES Project}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Christian Feigenwinter and Ahmad Al Bitar and Thomas Esch and Fabio Del Frate and Andrew Gabey and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Wieke Heldens and Judith Klostermann and Fredrik Lindberg and Zina Mitraka and Frans Olofson and Eberhard Parlow }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/06_2016_Chrysoulakis_et_al_AMS_poster.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {Anthropogenic Heat Flux, estimation, space, URBANFLUXES project}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Lindberg, Fredrik; Onomura, Shiho; Grimmond, Sue Influence of ground surface characteristics on the mean radiant temperature in urban areas (Journal Article) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: ground surface characteristics, Influence, mean radiant temperature, urban areas) @article{Lindberg2016, title = {Influence of ground surface characteristics on the mean radiant temperature in urban areas}, author = {Fredrik Lindberg and Shiho Onomura and Sue Grimmond }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/02_2016_Lindberg_et_al_IntJBiomet.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {ground surface characteristics, Influence, mean radiant temperature, urban areas}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Grimmond, Sue Understanding and reducing the anthropogenic heat emission (Book Chapter) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: anthropogenic heat emission, reducing, Understanding) @inbook{Chrysoulakis2016b, title = {Understanding and reducing the anthropogenic heat emission}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Sue Grimmond}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/01_2016_Chrysoulakis_Grimmond_Eds.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {anthropogenic heat emission, reducing, Understanding}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inbook} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Heldens, Wieke; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Gabey, Andrew; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans A novel approach for anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropogenic Heat Flux, estimation, novel approach, space) @conference{Chrysoulakis2016b, title = {A novel approach for anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Wieke Heldens and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Ahmad Al Bitar and Andrew Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/A48_2016_Chrysoulakis_et_al_IGARSS16.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {Anthropogenic Heat Flux, estimation, novel approach, space}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Heldens, Wieke; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Gabey, Andrew; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans Urban Energy Budget estimation from Sentinels: The URBANFLUXES project (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: estimation, Sentinels, The URBANFLUXES project, Urban Energy Budget) @conference{Chrysoulakis2016b, title = {Urban Energy Budget estimation from Sentinels: The URBANFLUXES project}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Wieke Heldens and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Ahmad Al Bitar and Andrew Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/A40_2016_Chrysoulakis_et_al_ESALPS_URBANFLUXES.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {estimation, Sentinels, The URBANFLUXES project, Urban Energy Budget}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Landier, Lucas; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Lauret, Nicolas; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Aubert, Seb.; Mitraka, Zina; Feigenwinter, Christian; Parlow, Eberhard; Heldens, Wieke; Kotthaus, Simone; Grimmond, Sue; Lindberg, Fredrik; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios 3D modeling of radiative transfer and energy balance in urban canopies combined to remote sensing acquisitions (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D modeling, combined, energy balance, radiative transfer, remote sensing acquisitions, Urban Canopies) @conference{Landier2016b, title = {3D modeling of radiative transfer and energy balance in urban canopies combined to remote sensing acquisitions}, author = {Lucas Landier and Ahmad Al Bitar and Nicolas Lauret and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Seb. Aubert and Zina Mitraka and Christian Feigenwinter and Eberhard Parlow and Wieke Heldens and Simone Kotthaus and Sue Grimmond and Fredrik Lindberg and Nektarios Chrysoulakis }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/A49_2016_Landier_et_al_IGARSS16.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-31}, keywords = {3D modeling, combined, energy balance, radiative transfer, remote sensing acquisitions, Urban Canopies}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Ward, Helen; Kotthaus, Simone; Järvi, Leena; Grimmond, Sue Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS): Development and evaluation at two UK sites (Journal Article) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: SUEWS, Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme) @article{Ward2016, title = {Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS): Development and evaluation at two UK sites}, author = {Helen Ward and Simone Kotthaus and Leena Järvi and Sue Grimmond }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/05_2016_Ward_et_al_UrbanClim.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-30}, keywords = {SUEWS, Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Heldens, Wieke; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Parlow, Eberhard; Gabey, Andrew; Olofson, Frans Anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space: first results (Conference) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: Anthropogenic heat flux estimation) @conference{Chrysoulakis2016b, title = {Anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space: first results}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Wieke Heldens and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Eberhard Parlow and Andrew Gabey and Frans Olofson }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/04_2016_Chrysoulakis_et_al_EGU.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-30}, keywords = {Anthropogenic heat flux estimation}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Landier, Lucas; Lauret, Nicolas; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Mitraka, Zina; Feigenwinter, Christian; Parlow, Eberhard; Heldens, Wieke; Kotthaus, Simone; Grimmond, Sue; Lindberg, Fredrik; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3D Radiative Budget of Urban Environment, Calibration of DART Radiative Transfer Model, Satellite Images, Simulating Albedo and Thermal Irradiance Images) @conference{Landier2016b, title = {Calibration of DART Radiative Transfer Model with Satellite Images for Simulating Albedo and Thermal Irradiance Images and 3D Radiative Budget of Urban Environment}, author = {Lucas Landier and Nicolas Lauret and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Ahmad Al Bitar and Zina Mitraka and Christian Feigenwinter and Eberhard Parlow and Wieke Heldens and Simone Kotthaus and Sue Grimmond and Fredrik Lindberg and Nektarios Chrysoulakis }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/06_2016_Landier_et_al_EARSEL.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-11-30}, keywords = {3D Radiative Budget of Urban Environment, Calibration of DART Radiative Transfer Model, Satellite Images, Simulating Albedo and Thermal Irradiance Images}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Lindberg, Fredrik; Grimmond, Sue; Martilli, Alberto Sunlit fractions on urban facets Impact of spatial resolution and approach (Journal Article) 2016. @article{07_2015_Lindberg_et_al_UrbanClimate, title = {Sunlit fractions on urban facets Impact of spatial resolution and approach}, author = {Fredrik Lindberg and Sue Grimmond and Alberto Martilli }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/07_2015_Lindberg_et_al_UrbanClimate.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-01-01}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Crawford, Benjamin; Grimmond, Sue; Ward, Helen; Morrison, William; Kotthaus, Simone Spatial and temporal patterns of surface–atmosphere energy exchange in a dense urban environment using scintillometry (Journal Article) 2016. (Links | BibTeX | Tags: scintillometry, Spatial and temporal patterns of surface–atmosphere energy exchange in a dense, urban environment, using) @article{Crawford2016, title = {Spatial and temporal patterns of surface–atmosphere energy exchange in a dense urban environment using scintillometry}, author = {Benjamin Crawford and Sue Grimmond and Helen Ward and William Morrison and Simone Kotthaus }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/12_2016_Crawford_et_al_QJRMeteorol.pdf}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-00-00}, keywords = {scintillometry, Spatial and temporal patterns of surface–atmosphere energy exchange in a dense, urban environment, using}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2015 |
Bjorkegren, Alex; Grimmond, Sue; Kotthaus, Simone; Malamud, Bruce CO2 emission estimation in the urban environment: Measurement of the CO2 storage term (Journal Article) Atmospheric Environment, 2015. @article{05_2015_Bjorkegren_et_al_AtmEnvir, title = {CO2 emission estimation in the urban environment: Measurement of the CO2 storage term}, author = {Alex Bjorkegren and Sue Grimmond and Simone Kotthaus and Bruce Malamud }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/05_2015_Bjorkegren_et_al_AtmEnvir.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Heldens, Wieke; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Esch, Thomas; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Gabey, Andrew; Parlow, Eberhard; Olofson, Frans Urban Energy Budget Estimation from Sentinels: The URBANFLUXES Project (Conference) 2015. @conference{01_2015_Chrysoulakis_et_al_MUAS, title = {Urban Energy Budget Estimation from Sentinels: The URBANFLUXES Project}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Wieke Heldens and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Thomas Esch and Ahmad Al Bitar and Andrew Gabey and Eberhard Parlow and Frans Olofson }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/01_2015_Chrysoulakis_et_al_MUAS.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {Mapping Urban Areas from Space}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Heldens, Wieke; Frate, Fabio Del; Lindberg, Fredrik; Mitraka, Zina; Latini, Daniele; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Esch, Thomas Mapping urban surface characteristics for urban energy flux modelling (Conference) 2015. @conference{02_2015_Heldens_et_al_MUAS, title = {Mapping urban surface characteristics for urban energy flux modelling}, author = {Wieke Heldens and Fabio Del Frate and Fredrik Lindberg and Zina Mitraka and Daniele Latini and Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Thomas Esch }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/02_2015_Heldens_et_al_MUAS.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {Mapping Urban Areas from Space}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Mitraka, Zina; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Heldens, Wieke; Feigenwinter, Christian; Lindberg, Fredrik; Grimmond, Sue; Frate, Fabio Del; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe Earth Observation for Urban Climate: Mapping the Local Climate Zones (Conference) 2015. @conference{03_2015_Mitraka_et_al_MUAS, title = {Earth Observation for Urban Climate: Mapping the Local Climate Zones}, author = {Zina Mitraka and Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Wieke Heldens and Christian Feigenwinter and Fredrik Lindberg and Sue Grimmond and Fabio Del Frate and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/03_2015_Mitraka_et_al_MUAS.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {Mapping Urban Areas from Space}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Esch, Thomas; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Grimmond, Sue; Parlow, Eberhard; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina A novel approach for anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space (Conference) 2015. @conference{08_2015_Chrysoulakis_et_al_ISRSE36, title = {A novel approach for anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Thomas Esch and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Sue Grimmond and Eberhard Parlow and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/08_2015_Chrysoulakis_et_al_ISRSE36.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {36th International Symposium on remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Esch, Thomas; Grimmond, Sue; Parlow, Eberhard; Lindberg, Fredrik; Frate, Fabio Del; Klostermann, Judith; Mitraka, Zina; Heldens, Wieke; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Feigenwinter, Christian A novel approach for anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space (Conference) 2015. @conference{09_2015_Chrysoulakis_et_al_ICUC9, title = {A novel approach for anthropogenic heat flux estimation from space}, author = {Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Thomas Esch and Sue Grimmond and Eberhard Parlow and Fredrik Lindberg and Fabio Del Frate and Judith Klostermann and Zina Mitraka and Wieke Heldens and Ahmad Al Bitar and Christian Feigenwinter }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/09_2015_Chrysoulakis_et_al_ICUC9.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Mitraka, Zina; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Frate, Fabio Del; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios Exploiting Earth Observation data products for mapping Local Climate Zones (Conference) 2015. @conference{10_2015_Mitraka_et_al_ICUC9, title = {Exploiting Earth Observation data products for mapping Local Climate Zones}, author = {Zina Mitraka and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Fabio Del Frate and Nektarios Chrysoulakis}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/10_2015_Mitraka_et_al_ICUC9.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Mitraka, Zina; Frate, Fabio Del; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe Exploiting Earth Observation data products for mapping Local Climate Zones (Conference) 2015. @conference{12_2015_Mitraka_JURSE15, title = {Exploiting Earth Observation data products for mapping Local Climate Zones}, author = {Zina Mitraka and Fabio Del Frate and Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry }, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/12_2015_Mitraka_JURSE15.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {2015 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
Landier, Lucas; Bitar, Ahmad Al; Gregoire, Tristan; Lauret, Nicolas; Yin, Tiangang; Gastellu-Etchegorry, Jean-Philippe; Aubert, Seb.; Mitraka, Zina; Chrysoulakis, Nektarios; Feigenwinter, Christian; Parlow, Eberhard; Heldens, Wieke; Kotthaus, Simone; Grimmond, Sue; Lindberg, Fredrik Modeling parameters and remote sensing acquisition of urban canopies (Conference) 2015. @conference{11_2015_Landier_et_al_ICUC9, title = {Modeling parameters and remote sensing acquisition of urban canopies}, author = {Lucas Landier and Ahmad Al Bitar and Tristan Gregoire and Nicolas Lauret and Tiangang Yin and Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry and Seb. Aubert and Zina Mitraka and Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Christian Feigenwinter and Eberhard Parlow and Wieke Heldens and Simone Kotthaus and Sue Grimmond and Fredrik Lindberg}, url = {http://urbanfluxes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/11_2015_Landier_et_al_ICUC9.pdf}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {9th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC9)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {conference} } |
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